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Historical Archive: Historical Rulers up to 350 CE For rulers from biblical accounts, see Old Testament/Hebrew Bible in Jewish/Christian iconography index. Stele of Naram-Sin, pink limestone, 2254-2218 BCE, Louvre. For additional views see Louvre. Gudea dedicated to Ningishzida from Tello (Girsu), diorite, c.2120 BCE, Louvre AO 3293, AO 4108. Gudea has his own page. Ur-Ningirsu (son of Gudea), gypsiferous alabaster, c.2110 BCE, Tello (Girsu), Louvre AO 9504 and Met (head). This work has its own page. Code of Hammurabi, basalt, 1792-1750 BCE, Louvre, Near Eastern Antiquities, Sb 8. This work has its own page. Akhenaten (reg. 1353/512–1336/34 BCE), Nefertiti, 3 daughters, limestone, c.1345 BCE, SMB EgMP ÄM 14145, which has its own page poss. Persian king Darius III Codomannus, d.330 BCE: Alexander casket, Byzantine ivory, prob. 12th c., poss. 6th or 9th c., Darmstadt Kg 54:215a-d, which has its own page Alexander III of Macedonia (the Great, d.323 BCE): Alexander casket, Byzantine ivory, prob. 12th c., poss. 6th or 9th c., Darmstadt Kg 54:215a-d, which has its own page Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Arsinoë II (Vienna Gonzaga cameo), agate, 278-69 BCE, setting with enamel 1575-1600, KHM IXa 81 denarius of Julius Caesar, 48-47 BCE, MNW 219169 rev Herod the Great, reg. 37-4 BCE: Pisa Cathedral doors, bronze, Bonannus of Pisa c.1180. This work has its own page. For this Herod see Massacre of the Innocents. Augustus (63 BCE-14 CE) of Prima Porta, marble, early 1st c. CE, Vat MV.2290.0.0, which has its own page. Augustus has his own page. Herod II (27 BCE-33 CE) and Herodias (c.15 BCE-aft. 39 CE): Bernward Column, Hildesheim, c. 1020, bronze, which has its own page with another image Herod II (27 BCE-33 CE) and Herodias (c.15 BCE-aft. 39 CE): lower architrave, early 13th c., Pisa baptistery, which has its own page, in cathedral complex Herod II (27 BCE-33 CE) and Herodias (c.15 BCE-aft. 39 CE) in Life of John, dome mosaic c.1240-1310, Baptistery of St. John, Florence. This work has its own pages. Emperor Tiberius (reg. 14-37 CE), agate cameo; frame France or Italy, early 16th c.: gold, enamel, pearl. AIC 1992.297 Tiberius, Germanicus, Augustus: Gemma Augustea, banded agate cameo, 9/10-12 CE, KHM ANSA IXa 79. This work has its own page. Germanicus? (d. 19 CE) with 3 children, phalera, molded glass cameo in metalwork mount, 1st c., HMP Germanicus? (d. 19 CE) glass cameo prob. 1st c. CE, in a Roman period bound pendant from Zethlingen, MVFg. This work has its own page. Pontius Pilate, Roman prefect 26-36 CE: Passion sarcophagus, marble, c.350 CE, Vat 31525. This work has its own page. Pilate has his own page. Emperor Claudius (reg. 41-54), marble, head 1st c., body poss. 2nd c., Marignane area, ANAM. For oblique view see ANAM. Emperor Claudius (reg. 41-54) as Jupiter, agate cameo; frame Italy, late 16th c.:gold, pearls, enamel. AIC 1991.375. For profile see AIC. Messalina with the infant Britannicus from Rome, marble, c.45 CE, Louvre MR 280 Nero (d. 68) as Helios, citrine intaglio in gold fibula with glass inserts, 1st-2nd. c., Hermitage ГP-21629 Nero (d. 68 CE): Stavelot altar, gilt bronze with enamel and rock crystal, c.1150-60, MRAH 1590. This work has its own page. Nero (d. 68 CE): Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Good and Bad Government 1338-40, Siena, which has its own page Vespasian (reg. 69-79) hearing of the taking of Jerusalem, Lawrence Alma-Tadema 1866, oil on panel in original frame, UMMA 2004/2.143. This work has its own page. Empress, 2nd c., poss. Matidia (Augusta 112-19) or Sabina (Augusta fr. 119), aquamarine, Florence MA 14547 Medici cameo: emperor (Claudius Gothicus or *Antoninus Pius?) with genius, sacrificing poss. to Hope, 1st-3rd c., sardonyx cameo, Florence MA 14443. This work has its own page. Antoninus Pius (131-68), Roman or 15th c. niccolo agate profile laureate intaglio in 16th c. gold mount, CdM Chab. 2093. For reverse see CdM. Lucius Verus (161-69 CE), cast glass, from Antalya (Turkey), possibly modern, MFAB. For profile view see see MFAB. Commodus (161-92), Roman aquamarine profile laureate intaglio, CdM Chab. 2098 Commodus (?) as Hercules, gilded copper alloy, 2nd c., said to be from Hadrian's Wall, BM 1895,0408.1. For additional views see British Museum. Roman lady, Empress Aquilia Severa?, marble, c.200-230, KM 1983.03.0001. For additional views see Kelsey Museum. Iulia Domna, gilded silver, Rome 205-11, SMBMünz 8200788 Caracalla (211-17), onyx cameo, 3rd c., Hermitage ГP-12732 Caracalla (211-17), later inscribed O Petros, amethyst intaglio, Roman, CdM Chab. 2101 poss. Caracalla c.212-17, or c.130-60, head from Rumeli Hisar, Penn MS216, which has its own page Valerian (253-60) captured by Shapur I (241-72), Sassanian sardonyx cameo, c. 260 CE, CdM Babelon 360 Claudius Gothicus (268-70) as Hercules, sard intaglio, BM 1867.5-7.322, Walters no. 2029. For additional views see British Museum. Medici cameo: emperor (*Claudius Gothicus or Antoninus Pius?) with genius, sacrificing poss. to Hope, 1st-3rd c., sardonyx cameo, Florence MA 14443. This work has its own page. Aurelian (270-74) and Ulpia Severina, red jasper intaglio, BM 1867.5-7.7541, Walters no. 2031. For another view see British Museum. Decius (249-51) bust, sard intaglio, BM 1772.3-14.59, Walters no. 2028. For additional views see British Museum. Gallienus (253-68), diademned bust, amethyst intaglio, BM 1925.7-15.3. For additional views see British Museum. Emperor Maximian (c.250-310) or Maxentius (c.278-312) with St. Catherine of Alexandria, late 13th c. Rome, fresco from S. Agnese sulla via Nomentana, Vat 40478. For details see Vatican Museums. Emperor Maximian (c.250-310) or Maxentius (c.278-312) trampled by St Catherine, ivory, Rhineland c.1400, Louvre OA 3456. For frontal view see Louvre. Diocletian as consul, bronze medallion, Rome c.294, SMBMünz 18200725 Tetrarchs: probably Diocletian, Maximilian, Valerian and Constantius Chlorus; porphyry, c.305, San Marco, Venice. This work has its own page. Empress Helena (c.248-328): Stavelot Triptych, Mosan, c.1156-58, Morgan AZ001, which has its own page. Helena has her own page. Emperor Maxentius (reg. c.278-312): Stavelot Triptych, Mosan, c.1156-58, Morgan AZ001, which has its own page. Emperor Galerius Maximianus (reg. 305-11): Reliquary of SS. Adrian and Natalia, León 12th c., silver on oak, AIC 1943.65. This work has its own page. Emperor Constantine I (reg. 306-37), Byzantine triptych, late 11th-early 12th c., on Stavelot Triptych, Morgan AZ001, which has its own page. Constantine has his own page. Crispus (Caesar, d.326): silver 2 siliquae of Constantinus I, Cologne 319, SMBMünz 18200817 Constantius II? El Bab, Syria, c.335-61, Penn L-51-1, which has its own page